# Security
# Security overview
WARNING
zkSync v1.0 is in alpha. Blockchains and zero-knowledge proofs are still experimental technologies with rapidly evolving attack vectors. zkSync relies on cutting-edge cryptography that has never been used in production before. While Matter Labs is rigorously following scientific and engineering best practices with regard to security, we can not provide 100% fault-free guarantee. Use zkSync at your own risk and do not put more money into it than you can afford to lose.
zkSync protocol design document explicitly lists the protocol's cryptographic assumptions and security properties.
In a nutshell, the protocol's claim is that, given correct implementation and validity of cryptographic assumptions, funds placed into zkSync will have the same security guarantees as if they are held in an Ethereum account without any additional requirements on the user part. In particular:
- Users do not need to monitor the network.
- Private keys can be held in cold storage.
- Operators can not steal funds or corrupt the zkSync state in any way.
- Users can eventually withdraw their assets onto the mainnet, regardless of cooperation from zkSync operators.
Several mechanisms are used to fulfill these guarantees, discussed below.
# Validity proofs
zkSync is built on zkRollup architecture. This means, every single user transaction is verified by a smart contract on the Ethereum mainnet by means of verifying the proof of the validity of the block. Thus, no operator can ever move the system into an incorrect state or take users money.
See this article for a further overview of the benefits of the validity proofs.
# Priority queue
In the ultimate emergency case of all operators being shut down or becoming unresponsive, the emergency exit mechanism ensures that users will keep control of their assets. It works as follows.
- If transactions of a user are being for any reason ignored by the operator, an exit request can be submitted directly on mainnet into the priority queue.
- Operators are obliged to process priority queue requests within a short time window (~1 week).
- In case the operators fail to process the requests, the system enters exodus mode and every user can immediately exit all of their assets by making a direct transaction on the Ethereum mainnet.
# Upgrade mechanism
The version 1.0 of zkSync protocol comes with a contract upgrade mechanism in order to facilitate faster design iterations. However, users have a fundamental right to opt-out of a future upgrade. A new upgrade must be announced via the zkSync contract and all users get 2 week notice period to exit in case they don't like the changes.
In the future, the opt-out mechanism will be replaced by a strict opt-in into the new version.
# Cryptography used
Although zkSync is built on some of the most cutting-edge cryptography (such as PLONK and RedShift), we were very conservative with respect to security choices made in the protocol. Every component relies exclusively on well established cryptographic assumptions widely considered secure in the academic and professional security community.
# Primitives
| Primitive | Application | Cryptographic assumption |
|---|---|---|
| PLONK | Proof system (v1) | 1, 3 |
| RedShift | Proof system (v2) | 1 |
| SHA256 | Hash function | 1 |
| Rescue | Hash function | 1, 2 |
| muSig | Signature scheme | 1, 2, 3 |
# Cryptographic asssumptions
# Trusted setup
The version 1.0 of zkSync protocol is using the PLONK proof system which requires a universal trusted setup.
Matter Labs participated in the global Ignition trusted setup ceremony for PLONK on BN256 elliptic curve, coordinated by AZTEC protocol:
| Participation address | 0x04a23ba68e4469061cd461e8b847e820d4ced948 |
| Transcript hash | 0x1f6647d91a9e667173640b67b654cabc81ceee98d6100f259788afb34a3fc529 |
| Signature | 0x3f4ff7b9a6668c23c9ba45d73d1d9d0902b881191d97b307969b63f52296f2326d437ea04dd67a2ebe57a691025d7d31bb0dae88e8023a0d9b15ad599c3eb9351b |
The ceremony ran from October 2019 until December 2019, with 176 participants from over 30 countries collaborating to compute a secure database of encrypted points, including Vitalik Buterin and other prominent members of the crypto community. Full ceremony transcript with the list of indviduals and organizations who claimed their contribution is available here. You can use this script to verify the contributions of the listed participants.
zkSync version 2.0 will run on RedShift, a transparent proof system developed by Matter Labs, which does not require any trusted setup.
# Security audit
The audit by ABDK Consulting for zkSync v1.0 is underway, the results will be published here. The audit scope includes the protocol design, applied cryptography, smart contracts and zero-knowledge circuits.